乍见
Django内置的server基本包括两部分:django.core.servers和django.core.handlers
相识
servers.basehttp是Django自身提供的一个用于开发测试的server模块,其中提供的WSGIServer、ServerHandler、WSGIRequestHandler其实都是属于WSGI server,django只不过是对python内置的WSGI模块simple_server做的一层包装。
handlers package包括base.py和wsgi.py两个模块。
base.py中只定义了一个BaseHandler类,它复杂一些基础的功能,比如加载中间件,处理异常,获取响应数据等
wsgi.py才是主角,其中最重要的就是WSGIHandler类,它继承了base.py中的BaseHandler,只添加了一个__call__方法,那为什么添加这个方法呢?
django.core.wsgi
import django
from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIHandler
def get_wsgi_application():
"""
The public interface to Django's WSGI support. Should return a WSGI
callable.
Allows us to avoid making django.core.handlers.WSGIHandler public API, in
case the internal WSGI implementation changes or moves in the future.
"""
django.setup()
return WSGIHandler()
可见我们启动server时传入的application其实是WSGIHandler的一个实例,而根据WSGI规范,这个application必须要是callable,python中的callable包括函数、方法以及任何定义了__call__方法的对象
回到handlers.wsgi
class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
initLock = Lock()
request_class = WSGIRequest
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
# Set up middleware if needed. We couldn't do this earlier, because
# settings weren't available.
if self._request_middleware is None:
with self.initLock:
try:
# Check that middleware is still uninitialized.
if self._request_middleware is None:
self.load_middleware()
except:
# Unload whatever middleware we got
self._request_middleware = None
raise
set_script_prefix(get_script_name(environ))
signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__, environ=environ)
try:
request = self.request_class(environ)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
logger.warning('Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
exc_info=sys.exc_info(),
extra={
'status_code': 400,
}
)
response = http.HttpResponseBadRequest()
else:
response = self.get_response(request)
response._handler_class = self.__class__
status = '%s %s' % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
response_headers = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in response.items()]
for c in response.cookies.values():
response_headers.append((str('Set-Cookie'), str(c.output(header=''))))
start_response(force_str(status), response_headers)
if getattr(response, 'file_to_stream', None) is not None and environ.get('wsgi.file_wrapper'):
response = environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](response.file_to_stream)
return response
由于__call__是一个请求的入口,它需要调用BaseHandler中定义的方法去执行加载中间件等一系列操作和异常处理,除此之外,WSGIHandler还会处理cookie、触发signal等。
至于如何返回响应,具体可看handlers.base模块,大概就是找出请求的path,通过匹配路由,找到并执行用户定义的view方法,执行中间件处理方法,最后返回响应。当然,还有一系列的异常处理。
回想
这部分的内容需要对WSGi协议有个大致的了解,可以参考:http://xiaorui.cc/2016/04/16/%E6%89%93%E9%80%A0mvc%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6%E4%B9%8Bwsgi%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%98%E7%BC%BA%E7%82%B9%E5%8F%8A%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/